Suchergebnisse

This article concerns the effect of income and other variables on the demand for residential domestic service in London in 1901 and presents the first estimated model of the demand for residential service known to the author. It uses previously unexploited data consisting of the incomes and household details of some 500 civil servants. An extension of Becker's model of household production is set out and an ordered probit statistical model of servant demand is estimated. The results confirm the importance of income but also show that the demographic composition of the household was of significance. These results are interpreted in terms of age‐ and gender‐related differences in the supply of labour and the demand for market goods. The results are consistent with the view that middle‐class Edwardian households should be understood as sites of production as well as consumption. A comparison of the statistical results with contemporary recommendations in manuals of household management suggests that those recommendations were typically over‐optimistic. The article presents a 'ready reckoner' whereby household income may be estimated from the number of resident servants, but caution in its use is urged.

Sir George Clark (1947: 98) once remarked that "during the whole course of the seventeenth century there were only seven complete calendar years in which there was no war between European states." The impact of the longer land wars on civilian mortality during this period was often extreme. The reasons for this had little to do with the fighting itself. Wartime civilian mortality crises were precipitated by fatal epidemic diseases and starvation. Modern demographic historians attribute the starvation to military supply systems that stripped civilians of food and the means to acquire it, and the epidemics to decreased resistance to disease caused by undernutrition and to increased rates of disease transmission brought about by troop movements and civilian refugee flows (Flinn 1981: 52–53).

The wars which have wracked Liberia since the end of 1989 have reduced a country which was once regarded as one of the more fortunate in Africa to a state of long‐term aid dependency. Perhaps 150,000 or more have been killed and at many points over the last seven years a third of the country's pre‐war population has been living as refugees in neighbouring states and another third has been internally displaced by the conflict. The continuing warfare has made it difficult to address the large‐scale humanitarian problems inevitable in such circumstances: rates of undernutrition have sometimes reached very high levels and on at least one occasion have reached heights which rival the worst recorded in any part of the world (Outram, 1997).
This article seeks to advance our understanding of the causes of this suffering. It does so not primarily by examining the experiences of the victims, important though this is, but by investigating the political economy of the Liberian wars including the circumstances and the actions of the warring factions. In this I follow Keen's call to understand the actions of oppressor groups involved in humanitarian emergencies, as well as those of their victims (1994:232).

Der Beitrag analysiert den Verlauf des Bürgerkrieges in Liberia von 1989 bis 1996. Das Hauptinteresse gilt dabei den Veränderungen in der Konstellation der Akteure und des Kriegsverlaufs sowie den Faktoren, die diese Veränderungen herbeigeführt haben. Während Outram für die erste Phase des Krieges zwischen 1989-1990 eine starke ethnische Verankerung der Kriegsparteien feststellt, sieht er die Ursachen für den später entstandenen "warlordism" in der Parteilichkeit der externen Akteure, womit in erster Linie die ECOMOG, aber auch internationale Hilfsorganisationen gemeint sind. Die mangelnde Disziplin und schwache Organisation in den kämpfenden Einheiten zehrte die Kräfte der Warlords auf. Bei diesem Aspekt zieht der Autor eine Parallele zur Entstehung von Warlords in China während des Chinesisch-Japanischen Krieges. (DÜI-Spl)

Investigates the political economy of conflict, including circumstances and actions of the warring factions.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Editors and Contributors -- Chapter 1 'A Divine Discontent with Wrong': The People's Martyrology -- Theology -- History -- Philology -- Sociology -- Chapter 2 The Making of the Peterloo Martyrs, 1819 to the Present -- The Aftermath of Peterloo -- The Peterloo Martyrs in the Long Nineteenth Century -- The Demonology of Peterloo -- Controversy and Commemoration -- Chapter 3 From 'Dorchester Labourers' to 'Tolpuddle Martyrs': Celebrating Radicalism in the English Countryside -- The Making of the Martyrs -- Interpretation and Appropriation -- Place and Heritage -- Conclusions -- Chapter 4 The Featherstone Massacre and Its Forgotten Martyrs -- The Shootings -- Interpretation: Innocence and Blame -- Blame and Interpretation: Holiday -- Blame and Interpretation: Asquith -- A Forgotten Interpretation: Featherstone the Harmonious -- That Is What the Bosses Do to the Workers: 'They Shoot Them' -- Commemoration -- Conclusion: Martyrs Remembered and Forgotten -- Chapter 5 Tonypandy 1910: The Foundations of Welsh Social Democracy -- The Martyr: John Hopla -- Making the Politics of Dissent -- We Live? -- Chapter 6 Emily Davison: Dying for the Vote -- Channelling Medievalism -- Recovering Militancy -- Envisioning the Sacred -- Martyrs for the Cause -- In Retrospect -- Chapter 7 Making Irish Martyrs: The Impact and Legacy of the Execution of the Leaders of the Easter Rising, 1916 -- The Revolutionary Ideology of Patrick Pearse -- The Easter Rising, 1916 and the Execution of its Leaders -- The Making of Political Martyrs -- The Quasi-Religious Dimension to 1916: Blood Sacrifice and Redemption -- The Hanging of Sir Roger Casement -- 'A Terrible Beauty is Born' -- The Memorialisation of 1916 After Independence -- Chapter 8 The Town that Was Murdered: Martyrs, Heroes and the Urbicide of Jarrow

Coal is a topic that has been, remains, and will continue to be of significant interest to those concerned with the causes, course and consequences of industrialization and de-industrialization. This six-volume, reset collection provides scholars with a wide variety of sources relating to the Victorian coal industry